CMS 2026 Proof - Targetcms.in

Target CMS 2026 1 of 20

Chronic Kidney Disease — Stage 3A

Asked in our material — Test Series · Nephrology

Nephrology

Q22. A 58-year-old man has an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 52 mL/min/1.73 m² on two occasions four months apart, with an albumin-creatinine ratio of 45 mg/g. The correct classification is:

(a) Stage 2 chronic kidney disease

(b) Stage 3B chronic kidney disease

(c) Stage 3A chronic kidney disease

(d) Stage 4 chronic kidney disease

Answer: (c) Stage 3A chronic kidney disease

Explanation:

Stage 3 is SUBDIVIDED, and the question turns on knowing where the line falls
3A — filtration rate 45 to 59
3B — filtration rate 30 to 44
This patient at 52 sits in 3A
Why the subdivision matters — 3B carries appreciably higher cardiovascular risk and triggers closer surveillance
The other half of the definition — the abnormality must PERSIST for three months or more — satisfied here at four months
A single low reading, however low, is not chronic kidney disease

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which one of the following stages of chronic kidney disease corresponds to a glomerular filtration rate of 55 mL/min/1·73 m²?

(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3A

(d) 3B

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 2 of 20

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage — Xanthochromia

Asked in our material — Test Series · Surgery Part 2 · Q21

Q21. A 48-year-old has a sudden ‘worst headache of my life’ (thunderclap) with neck stiffness and photophobia. A non-contrast CT at 12 hours is reported as normal. What is the next best step to confirm or exclude the diagnosis? [ Single best answer ]

A. Reassure and discharge

B. Start a triptan for migraine

C. MRI of the cervical spine

D. Lumbar puncture looking for xanthochromia

Answer: D. Lumbar puncture looking for xanthochromia

Explanation: A thunderclap headache suggests subarachnoid haemorrhage. CT is very sensitive early but misses some bleeds after 6–12 h, so a normal CT does not exclude SAH; lumbar puncture (ideally >12 h after onset) looking for xanthochromia confirms it, after which CT angiography localises the aneurysm.

Exam Trap: A normal CT does NOT rule out SAH after several hours — do an LP for xanthochromia (bilirubin), which distinguishes true SAH from a traumatic tap.

Option	Why it is right / wrong
A. Reassure and discharge	Discharge risks missing a treatable aneurysmal bleed.
B. Start a triptan for migraine	Triptans are wrong — this is not migraine.
C. MRI of the cervical spine	Cervical MRI doesn't address a subarachnoid bleed.
D. Lumbar puncture looking for xanthochromia	Correct — LP for xanthochromia after a normal early CT.

Attack Hook: Thunderclap "worst headache of life" + neck stiffness → subarachnoid haemorrhage. CT negative but suspicion high → lumbar puncture for xanthochromia. Commonest cause = ruptured berry aneurysm.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

A 42-year-old labourer developed a sudden, severe and persistent headache, accompanied by vomiting and neck pain. He was evaluated at the nearest hospital where an emergency computed tomography was negative for stroke. Which one of the following investigations is best to confirm the diagnosis?

(a) Electroencephalogram

(b) Carotid Doppler

(c) Lumbar puncture after 12 hours

(d) Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 3 of 20

Renal Biopsy — Absolute Contraindication

Asked in our material — Full Mock Test 1 · Paper 1 · Q36 (the same question, asked before the exam)

Q36. Which one of the following is an absolute contraindication to percutaneous renal biopsy?

(a) Nephrotic syndrome of unknown cause

(b) Uncontrolled hypertension

(c) Acute kidney injury of uncertain aetiology

(d) Systemic lupus erythematosus with proteinuria

Answer: (b) Uncontrolled hypertension Asked in 2026

Explanation: Uncontrolled hypertension is listed as an absolute contraindication in your notes, tagged UPSC CMS 2024. The other three options are all standard indications for biopsy, which is the trap — the question rewards a candidate who has read the notes.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which one of the following is a contraindication of Renal Biopsy?

(a) Nephritic syndrome

(b) Acute renal injury of uncertain etiology

(c) Uncontrolled hypertension

(d) Renal transplant dysfunction

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 4 of 20

TRALI — The Transfusion Reaction Table

Asked in our material — Ultra Rapid Revision · Miscellaneous Medicine · Page 1

Reaction	Cause	Key feature
Acute hemolytic	ABO mismatch	Fever, hypotension, hemoglobinuria; most dangerous
Febrile non-hemolytic	Anti-leukocyte Ab / cytokines	MC reaction; fever, chills
Allergic / Anaphylaxis	IgA deficiency	Urticaria → anaphylaxis
TRALI (Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury)	Anti-HLA / anti-neutrophil Ab	Lung injury <6h; MC cause of transfusion death
TACO (Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload)	Volume overload	Pulmonary edema, ↑BP
Delayed hemolytic	Anamnestic Ab (Kidd)	Days later, falling Hb
GVHD	Donor lymphocytes	Prevent with irradiation

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which of the following statements regarding Blood component transfusion related acute lung injury are correct? 1. Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) usually manifests within 6 hours of transfusion. 2. Risk factors for TRALI include high titre anti-HLA class II antibodies in donor plasma. 3. TRALI due to cytokines or chemokines can occur even in the absence of HLA mediated interactions. Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 2 and 3 only

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 5 of 20

Nikolsky Sign — Pemphigus vs Pemphigoid

Asked in our material — 10 Topics · 10 Questions file · Page 13

	Pemphigus vulgaris	Bullous pemphigoid
Level of split	Intra-epidermal (suprabasal)	Sub-epidermal
Target antigen	Desmoglein 3 (± 1) — desmosome	BP180 / BP230 — hemidesmosome
Age	Middle age (30-60)	Elderly (over 60)
Blister	Flaccid, ruptures easily	Tense, thick-walled, persists
Erosions	Widespread and painful	Fewer; urticarial base
Mucosal involvement	Common — often the presenting sign	Uncommon
Itch	Less prominent	Prominent
Nikolsky sign	POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
Histology	Acantholysis, 'row of tombstones'	Sub-epidermal bulla with eosinophils
Direct IF	Intercellular IgG + C3 ('fishnet')	Linear IgG + C3 at basement membrane
Prognosis	Severe; fatal if untreated	Better; often self-limiting
Treatment	Systemic steroids, azathioprine, rituximab	Topical/oral steroids; tetracycline + nicotinamide

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which one of the following can be classically elicited in a patient of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

(a) Auspitz sign

(b) Koebner phenomenon

(c) Gottron's sign

(d) Nikolsky sign

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 6 of 20

Slapped-Cheek Rash — Parvovirus B19

Asked in our material — Test Series · Paediatrics · Page 16

List I	List II
A. Measles	1. 'Slapped-cheek' rash (parvovirus B19) Asked in 2026
B. Chickenpox	2. Koplik's spots on the buccal mucosa
C. Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)	3. High fever for 3–4 days, then rash as fever falls (HHV-6)
D. Roseola infantum (sixth disease)	4. 'Dew-drop on a rose petal' vesicles in crops

Answer: (a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

'Slapped-cheek' rash is caused by infection with which one of the following viruses?

(a) Zika virus

(b) Human herpesvirus 6

(c) Parvovirus B-19

(d) Varicella zoster virus

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 7 of 20

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Asked in our material — Expected 25 Questions file · Q6 — question, worked explanation, the full syndrome table and the memory hook

Q6. Match the type of larval migration in List I with its causative organism in List II. [ Match the list ]

List I	List II
A. Cutaneous larva migrans	1. Strongyloides stercoralis
B. Visceral larva migrans	2. Toxocara canis
C. Larva currens	3. Ancylostoma braziliense
D. Swimmer's itch	4. Schistosomes (avian)

(a) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

(b) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

(c) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

(d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

Answer: (d) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4

Explanation:

A — Cutaneous larva migrans → Ancylostoma braziliense: the dog/cat hookworm; an itchy serpiginous creeping eruption where man is a dead-end host. Asked in 2026
B — Visceral larva migrans → Toxocara canis: ingested eggs; larvae migrate through liver, lung and eye with marked eosinophilia.
C — Larva currens → Strongyloides stercoralis: a rapidly moving urticarial track (currens = 'running') from autoinfection around the perianal skin.
D — Swimmer's itch → avian schistosomes: cercariae penetrate skin in water and die, producing a self-limiting cercarial dermatitis.
The discriminator is speed and route: A. braziliense creeps slowly, Strongyloides runs fast (larva currens), Toxocara goes deep (visceral), avian schistosomes cause a superficial itch.

Syndrome	Organism	Clue
Cutaneous larva migrans	Ancylostoma braziliense (dog/cat hookworm)	Slow SERPIGINOUS creeping track; feet/buttocks
Visceral larva migrans	Toxocara canis / cati	Liver, lung, EYE; marked eosinophilia; children with pica

Memory Hook: Currens runs (Strongyloides); braziliense creeps.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

A 40-year-old male, upon returning from a beach holiday, noticed a serpiginous, intensely pruritic linear lesion over the dorsum of foot which moved slowly across the skin to reach up to his toes in 5 – 6 days. The most likely clinical diagnosis is:

(a) Cutaneous larva migrans

(b) Anisakiasis

(c) Cutaneous larva currens

(d) Schistosomiasis

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 8 of 20

Auspitz Sign — Psoriasis

Asked in our material — 10 Topics · 10 Questions file · Page 14

Koebner phenomenon vs Pathergy vs Auspitz sign (complete)

Phenomenon	Definition	Seen in
Koebner (isomorphic)	Lesions of the SAME disease along a line of trauma	Psoriasis, lichen planus, vitiligo, warts, molluscum
Pathergy	Sterile PUSTULE forming after a needle prick	BEHCET'S disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet syndrome
Auspitz sign	Pinpoint bleeding after scraping away scale	PSORIASIS

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which one of the following refers to the appearance of punctate bleeding spots on scraping the surface of a skin lesion?

(a) Punshi's sign

(b) Barnett's sign

(c) Gottron's sign

(d) Auspitz's sign

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 9 of 20

Sensitivity & Specificity — The 2×2 Table and the Answer

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 93-94 (marked 2020 P2 Q86, 2020 P2 Q97, 2024 P2 Q120, 2025 P2 Q87)

ECG result	MI Present	MI Absent	Total
Positive	45 (TP)	8,000 (FP)	8,045
Negative	5 (FN)	32,000 (TN)	32,005
Total	50	40,000	40,050

Consider the following statements:
I. Sensitivity is 90%. II. Specificity is 80%.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) I only (b) II only (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II

✅ Correct Answer: (c) Both I and II Asked in 2026

2020 P2 Q86 · 2020 P2 Q97 · 2024 P2 Q120 · 2025 P2 Q87

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

In a given set of conditions, a screening test has 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity for screening a particular disease. The prevalence of the disease at the given time in that population is 10%. Which one of the following statements regarding positive predictive value of the test is correct?

(a) The positive predictive value is 90%.

(b) The positive predictive value is 70%.

(c) The positive predictive value is 60%.

(d) The positive predictive value is 50%.

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 10 of 20

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 — Astrocytoma

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 15 (the CMS 2024 question, reprinted)

Q CMS 2024: The most common type of brain tumours associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 brain tumour syndrome is

(a) astrocytoma (b) acoustic neuroma (c) meningioma (d) medulloblastoma

correct answer is (a) astrocytoma.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Astrocytomas are associated with all of the following syndromes, except:

(a) neurofibromatosis type 1

(b) neurofibromatosis type 2

(c) Cowden's disease

(d) Li-Fraumeni syndrome

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 11 of 20

Hepatitis B Serology — Chronic, Low Replication

Asked in our material — Ultra Rapid Revision · Miscellaneous Medicine · Page 13

Some MCQs	HBsAg	Anti-HBc Ag	Anti-HBs Ag	HBeAg	Anti-HBe Ag
Acute HBV (High infectivity)	+	IgM	-	+	-
Acute HBV (Low infectivity)	+	IgM	-	-	+
Chronic HBV (High infectivity)	+	IgG	-	+	-
Chronic HBV (Low infectivity)	+	IgG	-	-	+
Window phase	-	IgM	-	-	+

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

A person had undergone the serology for suspected hepatitis B infection. His/Her serology shows the presence of HBs antigen and also IgG anti-HBc along with the presence of anti-HBe, while HBe antigen is negative. Which one of the following diagnoses is the correct interpretation of the serology results?

(a) Active hepatitis B infection

(b) Chronic hepatitis B infection with active viral replication

(c) Chronic hepatitis B infection with low viral replication

(d) Recovery/Vaccination from hepatitis B

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 12 of 20

Mosquito Net — 0.0475 Inch

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 102

ECB
Environmental (source reduction)

Indoor residual spray (DDT) — Insecticide of choice for rural setting

Mosquito net — 0.0475 inch diameter & 150

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

To be effective, the size of the openings in the mosquito net should not exceed:

(a) 0·0475 inch in diameter

(b) 0·00475 inch in diameter

(c) 0·0475 centimetre in diameter

(d) 0·00475 centimetre in diameter

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 13 of 20

Malaria Elimination — The 2027 Target

Asked in our material — Ultra Rapid Revision · National Health Programmes · Page 4

◆ National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2016–2030)

Year	Milestone
2022	Zero indigenous cases in Category 1 & 2 states
2024	< 1 case / 1000 in all districts
2027	Entire country — zero indigenous cases & deaths
2030	Elimination nationwide; prevent re-establishment

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

As per the National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016-2030), which one of the following has to be achieved by the year 2027?

(a) The entire country to have less than 1 case due to malaria per 1000 population at risk

(b) The entire country to have less than 1 indigenous case of malaria per 1000 population at risk and less than 1 death due to malaria per 10000 population at risk

(c) The entire country to have no indigenous case of malaria and less than 1 death due to malaria per 100000 population at risk

(d) The entire country to have no indigenous case of malaria and no deaths due to malaria

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 14 of 20

Commonest Benign Liver Tumour

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 389

most common benign tumor of the liver is := Haemangioma ^{cms 2023}
best position to palpate the minimal enlargement of the spleen is := Palpation of left subcostal area in right lateral decubitus position ^{cms 2023}

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Which one of the following is the most common benign liver lesion?

(a) Hepatic adenoma

(b) Hemangioma

(c) Focal nodular hyperplasia

(d) Simple liver cyst

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 15 of 20

Cystic Hygroma — Brilliantly Transilluminant

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 18

Neurogenic tumours (MC: schwannoma, neurofibroma)
Cystic Hygroma (Brilliantly Transilluminant) ^{Q CMS 2025}
Esophageal lesions (duplication cyst, leiomyoma)
Paravertebral masses

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

An infant is brought to the clinic by the parents with the history of a swelling in the neck since birth. On examination, the swelling is found to be soft, partially compressible and brilliantly trans-illuminant. The most likely diagnosis is:

(a) sternomastoid tumour

(b) branchial cyst

(c) thyroglossal cyst

(d) cystic hygroma

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 16 of 20

Fothergill's Operation — Essential Steps

Asked in our material — PYQ Book 2020-2025 · Page 342 (CMS 2024 Paper 2)

2024 P2 Q73

Which of the following are essential steps of Fothergill's operation?

1. Laparoscopic or vaginal ligation

2. Amputation of cervix

3. Plication of Mackenrodt's ligaments in front of cervix

4. Ant colporrhaphy

Select the correct answer using the code below.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

Consider the following regarding the steps in Fothergill repair surgery for uterine prolapse: 1. Plication of Mackenrodt's ligament in front of the cervix 2. Shortening of uterosacral ligaments 3. Plication of Mackenrodt's ligament behind the cervix 4. Amputation of the cervix. Which of the above steps form a part of steps in Fothergill repair surgery for uterine prolapse?

(a) 2 and 4

(b) 1 and 4

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 3 and 4

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 17 of 20

MTP Act — 20 to 24 Weeks Needs Two Doctors

Asked in our material — Ultra Rapid Revision · National Health Programmes · Page 8

◆ MTP Act 1971 (amended)

Indications = HETS: Humanitarian (rape/incest) · Eugenic (fetal anomaly) · Therapeutic (risk to mother) · Social (contraceptive failure)
Permitted up to 24 weeks;
0–20 wk = 1 doctor,
20–24 wk = 2 doctors.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

According to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021, MTP for pregnancy between 20 to 24 weeks needs opinion of:

(a) one registered medical practitioner

(b) two registered medical practitioners

(c) one registered medical practitioner and court order

(d) two registered medical practitioners and court order

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 18 of 20

Medical Abortion — Mifepristone and Misoprostol

Asked in our material — Target CMS 2026 Rapid Revision of 240 Most Repeated Topics · Page 166

<9 week = Medical abortion ^Q

✔ 200 mg Mifepristone orally (Day 1)
✔ 800 µg Misoprostol after 24–48 hr (vaginal/buccal/sublingual)

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

The combi-pack approved by the DGHS for medical method of MTP in the first trimester comprises of which one of the following combinations?

(a) 200 µg Mifepristone and 800 µg Misoprostol

(b) 100 mg Mifepristone and 400 µg Misoprostol

(c) 400 mg Mifepristone and 800 µg Misoprostol

(d) 200 mg Mifepristone and 600 µg Misoprostol

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 19 of 20

Leukaemia — Benzol

Asked in our material — PYQ Book 2020-2025 · Page 264 (CMS 2023 Paper 2)

2023 P2 Q74

With reference to occupational cancers, consider the following statements:

1. Skin cancer is a common occupational hazard in workers employed in nickel and chromium work.

2. Cancer bladder is an occupational hazard in workers employed in dye-stuffs and dyeing industry.

3. Leukemia can occur on long exposure to benzol.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

'Leukemia', as an occupational cancer, is most commonly related to the exposure to which one of the following industrial chemicals?

(a) Mineral oil

(b) Auramine

(c) Beta-naphthylamine

(d) Benzol

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

Target CMS 2026 20 of 20

Commonest Cause of Blindness — Cataract

Asked in our material — Ultra Rapid Revision · National Health Programmes · Page 4

👁 4. Blindness — NPCBVI / Vision 2020

Blindness (WHO) = < 3/60 in better eye with best correction.
Blindness prevalence = 0.36%; visual impairment = < 6/18.
Commonest cause = Cataract (62%); refractive error 19.7%.
NPCB launched 1976 — India's first 100% centrally-sponsored programme.

Question asked in UPSC CMS 2026

As per the National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey India (2015-2019), which one of the following is the most common cause of blindness in India?

(a) Glaucoma

(b) Diabetic retinopathy

(c) Cataract

(d) Refractive error

targetcms.in · Dr Varun Agarwal

186 of the 240 questions were already printed in our material

Check the claim yourself

Which material carried the paper

Rapid Revision 2026 is the book that did the most

Rapid Revision 2026

Read it, then test it

The full shelf

CMS 2027 is the next one

🔍 UPSC CMS 2026 — asked from our material

Chronic Kidney Disease — Stage 3A

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage — Xanthochromia

Renal Biopsy — Absolute Contraindication

TRALI — The Transfusion Reaction Table

Nikolsky Sign — Pemphigus vs Pemphigoid

Slapped-Cheek Rash — Parvovirus B19

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Auspitz Sign — Psoriasis

Sensitivity & Specificity — The 2×2 Table and the Answer

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 — Astrocytoma

Hepatitis B Serology — Chronic, Low Replication

Mosquito Net — 0.0475 Inch

Malaria Elimination — The 2027 Target

Commonest Benign Liver Tumour

Cystic Hygroma — Brilliantly Transilluminant

Fothergill's Operation — Essential Steps

MTP Act — 20 to 24 Weeks Needs Two Doctors

Medical Abortion — Mifepristone and Misoprostol

Leukaemia — Benzol

Commonest Cause of Blindness — Cataract